Pesquisadores conseguiram exatamente isso, usando um microsca³pio de gás qua¢ntico. Com esta ferramenta, os sistemas qua¢nticos podem ser manipulados e então fotografados com uma resolua§a£o tão alta que atéa¡tomos individuais são visaveis.
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)
A universalidade Kardar-Parisi-Zhang combina fena´menos cotidianos cla¡ssicos, como manchas de cafanã, com cadeias de spin da meca¢nica qua¢ntica de uma maneira surpreendente. Crédito: Instituto Max Planck de a“ptica Qua¢ntica
O comportamento de ama£s qua¢nticos microsca³picos tem sido um assunto ensinado em palestras em física tea³rica. No entanto, investigar a dina¢mica de sistemas que estãomuito fora de equilabrio e observa¡-los "ao vivo" tem sido difacil atéagora. Agora, pesquisadores do Instituto Max Planck de a“ptica Qua¢ntica em Garching conseguiram exatamente isso, usando um microsca³pio de gás qua¢ntico. Com esta ferramenta, os sistemas qua¢nticos podem ser manipulados e então fotografados com uma resolução tão alta que atéa¡tomos individuais são visaveis. Os resultados dos experimentos em cadeias lineares de spins mostram que a forma como sua orientação se propaga corresponde a chamada superdifusão Kardar-Parisi-Zhang. Isso confirma uma conjectura que surgiu recentemente de considerações tea³ricas.
Uma equipe de fasicos em torno do Dr. Johannes Zeiher e do Prof Immanuel Bloch tem os olhos em objetos que outros dificilmente conseguem ver. Os pesquisadores do Instituto Max Planck de a“ptica Qua¢ntica (MPQ) em Garching usam o chamado microsca³pio de gás qua¢ntico para rastrear processos na pequena escala da física qua¢ntica. Tal instrumento permite oscom a ajuda de a¡tomos e lasers oscriar especificamente sistemas qua¢nticos com propriedades desejadas e investiga¡-los com alta resolução. Nesses experimentos, os pesquisadores também se concentram nos fena´menos de transporte oscomo os objetos qua¢nticos se movem sob certas condições externas.
A equipe agora fez uma descoberta experimental surpreendente. Os pesquisadores foram capazes de mostrar que o transporte unidimensional de spins - o termo "spin" significa uma propriedade qua¢ntica magnanãtica especafica de a¡tomos e outraspartículas - se assemelha a fena´menos macrosca³picos em certas áreas. Na maior parte, os processos no reino qua¢ntico e no mundo cotidiano diferem significativamente. “Mas nosso trabalho revela uma conexão interessante entre os sistemas de spin da meca¢nica qua¢ntica em a¡tomos frios e sistemas cla¡ssicos, como o crescimento de cola´nias bacterianas ou a propagação de incaªndios florestaisâ€, diz Johannes Zeiher, lider do grupo na divisão Quantum Many-Body Systems do MPQ. “Esta descoberta écompletamente inesperada e aponta para uma conexão profunda no campo da física de não equilabrio que ainda épouco compreendidaâ€.
Os fasicos referem-se a essa analogia tea³rica entre o movimento aleata³rio em sistemas qua¢nticos e cla¡ssicos como "universalidade". Neste caso especafico, éa universalidade Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) osum fena´meno anteriormente conhecido apenas pela física cla¡ssica.
O expoente revelador
Para observar o fena´meno microscopicamente, a equipe de Garching primeiro resfriou uma nuvem de a¡tomos a temperaturas próximas ao zero absoluto. Dessa forma, os movimentos devido ao calor poderiam ser descartados. Em seguida, eles bloquearam os a¡tomos ultrafrios em um potencial "em forma de caixa" especialmente formado, formado por um arranjo de pequenos espelhos. "Usamos isso para estudar o relaxamento de uma única parede de domanio magnético em uma cadeia de 50 spins dispostos linearmente", explica David Wei, pesquisador do grupo de Johannes Zeiher. A parede de domanio separa áreas com orientação idaªntica de spins vizinhos umas das outras. Os pesquisadores primeiro criaram a parede de domanio para o experimento usando um novo truque, pelo qual um "campo magnético efetivo" foi gerado pela projeção de luz. Ao fazer isso,
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O relaxamento dentro da cadeia de spins ocorreu após os acoplamentos entre os spins terem sido acionados de forma controlada e, como se viu, seguiram um padrãocaracterastico. "Isso pode ser descrito matematicamente por uma lei de potaªncia com o expoente 3/2", diz Wei - uma dica para a conexão com a universalidade KPZ. Mais evidaªncias para essa relação foram fornecidas quando os pesquisadores detectaram o movimento de rotações individuais, que foi revelado atravanãs do microsca³pio de gás qua¢ntico.
"Essa alta precisão foi a base para uma avaliação estatastica detalhada", diz Zeiher. "O curso impressionante de difusão de spin que nosso experimento mostrou corresponde em sua forma matemática aproximadamente a propagação de uma mancha de caféem uma toalha de mesa, por exemplo", explica o fasico Max Planck. Que uma conexão tão surpreendente pudesse existir havia sido suspeitada por uma equipe de teóricos cerca de dois anos atrás, com base em considerações tea³ricas. No entanto, a confirmação experimental desta hipa³tese ainda estava faltando.
Um modelo antigo surpreende os fasicos
Para a descrição dos fena´menos de spin da meca¢nica qua¢ntica, os fasicos vão usando o chamado modelo de Heisenberg com muito sucesso hámuito tempo (mas foi apenas recentemente que os fena´menos de transporte de spin puderam ser descritos teoricamente dentro desse modelo). "Nossos resultados mostram que novos insights surpreendentes ainda são possaveis mesmo dentro de uma estrutura tea³rica estabelecida", enfatiza Johannes Zeiher. "E eles são a prova de como a teoria e o experimento se fertilizam na física."
Os resultados que agora foram alcana§ados pela equipe em Garching não são apenas de valor acadaªmico. Eles também podem ser aºteis para aplicações técnicas tangaveis. Por exemplo, os spins também constituem a base de certas formas de computadores qua¢nticos. O conhecimento das propriedades de transporte dos portadores de informação pode ser de importa¢ncia cratica para a realização prática dessas novas arquiteturas de computador.
O estudo aparece na Science .